PROTON depth tool tolerance is at a feature level as it considers the context and surroundings of the crack. This is possible because of the multiple attributes that are recorded and considered for the depth calculation such as weld type, relative position, weld geometry, etc.
Proton Ide Crack
As ILI is the most efficient pipeline integrity management tool, an operator published a request for proposal (RFP) to develop and provide a solution that delivered a step-change in crack inline inspection (ILI) performance for challenging seam-weld geometries. End-user expectations were defined, allowing vendors to propose a solution they believed would be most likely to deliver on those expectations.
The RFP included a series of aspirational goals for feature characterization in a range of seam welds, flaw types and morphologies, operational characteristics, and management of human factors. While accuracy and consistency for characterization of the types and severity of cracking in a pipeline was the primary goal, the operator also expected a new technology to fit within or improve upon the operational envelope of the currently available ILI crack tools.
This technology provides crack and local wall thickness measurements in a single platform. Phased array technology can be configured via firmware for sample scenarios that include shear wave (crack) and/or compression (metal loss) samples without mechanical modifications to the tool. Having the flexibility to configure our solution allows us to quickly optimize for the environment such as medium, velocity, weld type (DSAW, ERW, FW), and feature type to obtain the best data possible for the individual application and increase operational efficiency.
The achieved performance enabled the operator to move forward with a crack management program that successfully eliminates the need for hydrostatic testing on a challenging pipeline. PROTON has been accepted by the operator based on the performance against specifications. A robust qualification program, including a large set of pump test results, and a dig program with metallurgical validation allowed for acceptance with high confidence.
Depth sizing accuracy, in combination with the delivery of the local wall thickness in the weld, allows the operator to improve the assessment and move towards an effective and efficient crack management program.
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More efficient preparative methods are generally a modification of the original transmetalation sequence using either commercially available sodium cyclopentadienide[37] or freshly cracked cyclopentadiene deprotonated with potassium hydroxide[38] and reacted with anhydrous iron(II) chloride in ethereal solvents.
Electrolysis within the radiator can lead to nasty sediment building an insulating layer around the coolant hosing leading to a lack of coolant flow and heat transfer. The hoses can also begin to crack due to the amount of heat cycles they have undergone, contracting and expanding until the material properties of the tubes begin to change.
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FF7R on Steam Deck seems to work really well out of the box at first, but progressing through the game shows its cracks. The biggest one would be that Dynamic Resolution is automatically turned on without an in-game way of turning it off. The in-game setting selection is abysmal, only giving the option to change resolution, texture and shadow resolution, framerate cap, and characters displayed.
[Roberto Barrios] has a Korg Triton sampling keyboard which he enjoys very much, but has grown tired of using media of yesteryear to store his work. He had the option of floppy disk or Jazz drive and for a time he was using a floppy-to-USB emulator, but the keyboard still insisted on a 1.44 Mb storage limit using that method. He decided to crack open the case and add his own CF reader.
Semi-empirical and ab initio calculations [1], as well as inelastic neutron spectroscopy [2], demonstrate that Li can bind to protonated ''edge carbons'' to create a moiety analogous to the organolithium monomer C2H2Li2. This provides a possible additional channel for Li uptake in high capacity Li-ion battery anodes based on low-T pyrolyzed soft carbons. Here we show that similar reactivity is exhibited by polyaromatic hydrocarbons with the protons removed (taken as surrogates for the structural units in hard carbons). In the de-protonated PAH'es the Li serves to saturate dangling bonds, maintaining sp2 hybridization, whereas Li added to PAH'es creates sp3 carbons at the edges. In both cases this extra reactivity occurs in parallel with the usual intercalation. These findings have implications for futher development in Li-ion rechargeable battery technology.
The motivation to fabricate thin film ceramic electrolytes derives from the benefits associated with lowering of ohmic losses across ionic and mixed ionic-electronic conducting materials as membrane thickness is reduced. For electrolytes based on rare earth oxides there is an additional advantage of cost reduction assuming fabrication costs are not unfavorably increased relative to conventional electrolyte processing. In our laboratory we have focused on the use of wet chemical techniques such as colloidal deposition in an effort to develop technologies that are highly flexible, low-cost, and scaleable. The technical challenge involves depositing a pinhole and crack free dense layer of electrolyte of 5 to 40 microns in thickness on electrode substrates of high porosity and suitable microstructure to ensure low overpotential during device operation. The following paper describes the preparation and characterization of a variety of ceramic membranes having application in solid oxide fuel cells and related electrochemical devices. Work in our laboratory has led to techniques for deposition of fully dense ceramic films on a variety of porous and continuous substrates. Typically, green films of the desired oxide are colloidally deposited onto green or partially fired substrates. The bilayer is then cofired to yield a pinhole free, dense film that is well bonded to the porous structure. The process is inexpensive and scaleable, and can produce devices with high performance at reduced temperatures. This technique has been used with great success to produce yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this case the YSZ film is cofired onto a NiO/YSZ substrate. The thickness of the YSZ film deposited onto the porous substrate is approximately 10 mm after sintering, and is well bonded to the NiO/YSZ electrode. Ni-YSZ/YSZ/LSM cells built with this method have exhibited theoretical open circuit potentials (OCPs), high current densities and exceptionally good power densities of over 1900 mW/cm2 at 800 oC. Electrochemical characterization of the cells indicates negligible losses across the Ni-YSZ/YSZ interface and minor polarization of the fuel electrode. Thin-film cells have been tested for long periods of time (over 700 hours) and have been thermally cycled from 650 to 800 oC while demonstrating excellent stability over time. Colloidal deposition techniques have been used successfully to fabricate thin-film ceria based SOFCs. Thin, fully dense ceria electrolytes of 12 to 15 microns in thickness were deposited onto porous nickel cermets; porous cathodes were then painted onto the thin-film bilayers and the devices were tested in an H2-H2O/air environment. The electrochemical performance of these devices was quite good. At 750 oC, the peak power density for the Ni-CGO/CGO/LSCN fuel cell was over 650 mW/cm2. At 600 oC the thin-film cells achieved peak power densities of close to 300 mW/cm2. Fuel cell internal resistance as measured by current interrupts was as low as 50 m at 800 oC and 200 m at 600 oC. As expected the open circuit potential of the ceria based SOFCs was depressed by several hundred mV due to electronic conductivity in the electrolyte. In addition to oxygen-ion conducting ceria and zirconia films, our group has deposited thin, dense, SrZr.95Y.05O_3proton conducting films on NiO-CGO porous substrates. These bilayers have demonstrated high open circuit potentials in fuel cell environments. In an effort to explore other oxide systems, thin films of mixed ionic-electronic conductor La_1-zSr_zCo_1-yFe_yO_3have recently been deposited onto porous Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 substrates; these materials are being pursued for oxygen separation applications.
The fundamental scientific interest in solid-state high-temperature protonic conductors (HTPC) has increased significantly in recent years mainly because of potential applications in certain types of fuel cells, e.g. in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) operating at elevated temperatures. With decreasing operating temperature - a main aim of current studies - proton conducting oxides become competitive with commerically available oxygen conducting yttrium-stabilized zirconia. A model substance for the doped HTPC is SrCe0.95M0.05HxO, where M denotes different trivalent cations. Using neutron vibrational spectroscopy (NVS), we elucidated the influence of dopants with different radii (i.e. Sc3+ (0.73Å), Ho3+ (0.89 Å) and Nd3+ (1.00 Å)) on the hydrogen vibrational modes in the lower energy regime ( 2ff7e9595c
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